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#html:true
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#tags column:3
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What does the CU do? "- Directs operations within the CPU<br>- Decodes instructions from Memory (""LDA 5"" --> ""LDA"" ""5"")<br>- Controls the movement of data within CPU"
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What does the ALU do? - Perfoms Arithmatic (addition, subtraction)<br>- Performs Logical comparisons (AND, OR, NOT)
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List some registers in the CPU PC - Program Counter<br>ACC - Accumulator<br>MAR - Memory Address Register<br>MDR - Memory Data Register<br>CIR - Current Instruction Register
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What do the CPU registers do?<br>PC<br>ACC<br>MDR<br>MAR<br>CIR PC - Holds memory address for next instruction to be fetched<br>ACC - Holds the result of the AUR<br>MDR - Stoes data being read/written to memory<br>MAR - Stores the address that will be read/written to<br>CIR - Stores current instructions that will be decoded and recievices decodes instruction from the CU
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Name some buses and their functions Data Bus - Transports actual data between CPU, Memory and Peripherals and trasfers data from MDR to memory<br>Address Bus - Carries the memory address from MAR to where data is written to/read from<br>Control Bus - Sends control signals between CPU and hardware e.g. read from/write to memory
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What happens in the Fetch stage? - The address (of the next instruction) is copied from the PC to the MAR<br>- The instruction held at the address now in the MAR is copied into the MDR<br>- PC increments<br>- Contents of MDR are copied to the CIR
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What happens in the Decode stage? "- CU decodes the instruction stored in CIR so opcode is seperate to the operand (""LDA 5"" --> ""LDA"" and ""5"")"
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What happens during the execute stage? - The appropriate opcode is performed on the operand
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Explain Piplining in CPUs Pipelining is where the next instruction can be fetched while the current instruction is still being decoded or executed, increasing performance.
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What is the order of operations for logical operations? - First<br>NOT<br>AND<br>OR<br>- Last
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Explain what RISC architecture is. Reduced Instruction Set Computers:<br>Only simple instructions are understood by the CPU, each only one clock cycle long, thus multiplication can be written:<br>LDA R1, A<br>LDA R2, B<br>MULT R1, R2<br>STO R1 A<br><br>- The compiler has to do more work to translate a high level language into RISC machine code<br>- More RAM is required as there will be more machine code<br>- More performant<br>- Less transistors as less instructions understood --> less power consumtion --> good for mobile devices
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Explain what CISC architecture is. Complex Instruction Set Computer<br>CPUs using CISC can understand more instructions, so fewer lines of assembly code can be used, eg to multiply two numbers:<br>MULT(A,B)<br><br>- Some instructions can take multiple cycles<br>- Less RAM required as less room taken up by Assembly code<br>- Compiler has less work to do to translate high level code into machine code<br>- More transistors as larger instruction set --> more power draw --> bad for mobile devices
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List the main factors affecting CPU performance, and why Clock Speed - How many cycles can occur each second<br>Number of Cores - Each core is able to work on different instructions simultaniously or even differnt tasks at the same time.<br>Amount and type of cache memory - If the same instruction is needed multiple times, cache is faster and closer to the CPU so data can be fetched from there to increase fetch speeds.
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What is the relevance of the width of the address bus? The width of the Adress Bus determines the maximum possible memory capacity of the system
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How can you make a Half Adder out of logic gates? "<img alt=""Half Adder Cmos Layout"" src=""paste.png"">"
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How do you make a full adder circuit? "<img alt=""Full Adder Equation"" src=""paste-7203bd67e3e3052a9c1915eec4bb12e43fa878ca.png"">"
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What is a flip flop? "An elemental sequential logic circuit that can store one bit and flip between two states, 0 and 1<img alt=""SR flip flop | Computer Organization And Architecture Tutorials | Teachics"" src=""paste-32cdd3e9753c8f404b7b77d7366915061f24126c.png""><br><img alt=""D Flip Flop Explained in Detail - DCAClab Blog"" src=""paste.jpg"">"
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What is a D-type flip flop? "a positive edgetriggered flip flop meaning that it can only change the output value from 1 to 0 or vice versa when the clock is at a rising edge or positive edge ie, the beginng of a clock period<br><img alt=""All About computer Architecture =D: Flip Flops : the simplest of ..."" src=""paste-ef442ca0b1f729d78a7ce954f6d30e1c66b14e87.png"">"
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How do you make a NAND gate out of NORs "<img src=""paste-518eacc6bb01513bca030aba8dfdb865add2c6ca.jpg"">"
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How do you make a NOR gate from NAND gates? "<img alt=""NOR Gate From NAND Gate - Instructables"" src=""paste-a698693863dc1c0192aada0605f479263266d254.jpg"">"
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How do you make an OR gate out of NOR gates? "<img src=""paste-4d8d0f4e954420ac6053dabe56e47a6568f5bcfb.jpg"">"
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How do you make an AND gate out of NOR gates? "<img src=""paste-5d23c98f8ac254585be8a54d08d66b5a6580925c.jpg"">"
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How do you make OR gate from NAND gates? "<img alt=""How to Build an OR gate from a NAND Gate"" src=""paste-353d6d84c611ac36335124befd59f80dc48b0ab7.png"">"
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How do you make an AND gate from NAND gates? "<img alt=""How to Build an AND gate from a NAND Gate"" src=""paste-407de27b97edaebfe60ea2ecf44b34c8ff8c9f74.png"">"
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How do you make a NOT gate out of NAND gates? "<img src=""paste-10451497c8c195d8bdb9dc809ea188a0e144fd80.jpg"">"
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How do you make a NOT gate from NOR gates? "<img src=""paste-02dd04a2b0383034f9936b6539e3be40cec57146.jpg"">"
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Explain Von Neuman architecture - Used in convential processors in PCs, servers and embedded systems with only control functions.<br>- Data and programs share the same memory<br>- One bus is used to transfer data and instructions<br>- Programs can be optimised in size
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Explain Harvard architecture - Used in digital signal processing (DSP) and in embedded systems, mobile communication systems, audio, speech and image processing systems.<br>- Instructions and data are held in seperate memories<br>- Parallel data and instruction buses may be used<br>- Programs tend to me large
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Explain Von Neumann bottlenecking - Data and instructions share same bus<br>- So next instruction can not be fetched while waiting for data
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How do contemporary systems combine Harvard and Von Neumann architectures - Harvard is used betwen level 1 cache and CPU<br>- Von Neumann is used between CPU and RAM
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What is a co-processor? An extra processor used to suplement functions of the CPU, eg calculating floating point integers or graphics processing.
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What is a multi-core system A CPU with multiple cores thus it is able to process multiple instrcutions simultaniously and have different tasks running on each core.
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List some input devices - Barcode reader (camera, pen-type and laser)<br>- Cameras<br>- RFID scanners<br>- Mouse<br>- Keyboard<br>- Drawing tablet
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What are the different types of monitors... explain them LCD/LED - Liquid Crystal Display <br> - contains groups of RGB diodes to form each pixel, typically backlit<br> - reach maximum brightness almost instantly<br> - image is sharper with more vivid colours<br> - produce brighter light<br> - allow for thin contruction<br> - last almost indefinitly<br> - consume little power<br>OLED - Organic LED<br> - flexible/bendable as they can be made from plastic<br> - much thinner than LCD<br> - brighter and need no backlight<br> - fast to refresh<br> - produce truer colours<br> - do not last as long and sensitive to water.
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Explain the different types of printers Laser printer - high quality, high speed, use powdered ink called toner<br>Inkjet - spray minute dots of ink onto paper to create image<br>Dot matrix - Like a typewriter, slow and noisy, very cheap, can operate in poor conditions<br>3-D printers - print plastic onto a base to build 3D shape, expensive, used in prototyping.
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List some output devices - Monitor (CRT, LCD, OLED)<br> - Speaker (Loud, headphone)<br> - Printer (Laser, Inkjet, Dotmatrix, 3D)<br> - Projector<br> - Actuators
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Explain Hard drives Uses a reading head and writing head to read/write data using magnetism to flip and read magnetic switchs on a spinning disk - mechanical<br>- Magnetic<br>- Non volatile<br>- Random access<br>- 15ms latency<br>- Internal controller<br>- Fail if the head crashes<br>- Moderate cost<br>- Backups, older PCs
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Explain optical disks Laser burns dips in a reflective surface then a less powerful laser can see which dips reflect light and not to read the 1s and 0s<br>- Laser/Optical<br>- Non volatile<br>- Random access<br>- 150ms latency<br>- External controller<br>- Scratchable<br>- Cheap cost<br>- Long term archives, media distrubution (Film, TV, Game)<br>- CD (700MB), DVD (8GB), BD (50GB)
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Explain Solid State/Flash storage - Solid State<br>- Non volatile<br>- Random access<br>- No latency<br>- Internal controller<br>- Circuitry can fail<br>- High cost<br>- Used in most modern PCs and mobile devices<br>- SSD, Flash drive
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Explain RAM storage - Volatile<br>- No latency<br>- Internal controller<br>- Very high cost<br>- Memory<br>- SO + DDR1 - 5
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Explain tape storage - Magnetic Tape<br>- Non volatile<br>- No random access<br>- Very slow latency<br>- External controller<br>- Very cheap<br>- Long term archival
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\(x^3 × x^4\) \(x^7\)
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\(2x^3 × 3x^2\) \(6x^5\)
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\(k^3/k^2\) \(k\)
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\(4p^3 / 2p\) \(2p^2\)
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\(3x^3 / 3x^2\) \(x\)
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\((y^2)^5\) \(y^{10}\)
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\(10x^5 ÷ 2x^3\) \(5x^2\)
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How can you divide algebraic expression? eg: \(x^3 +2x^2 -17x +6 / (x-3)\) "Grid method: <br><img alt=""mathrecreation: Dividing Polynomials - The Grid Method"" src=""paste-41671533b3c876b5f47649993ce75cfea02ec5d2.jpg""><br>Long division method:<br><img alt=""Resourceaholic: Algebraic Division"" src=""paste-5d1c403456734917a0f6625fc827b75969691e03.jpg"">"
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How can you factorise a cubic, quantic etc equations? eg \(2x^3 - x^2 - 18x -9\) "<img src=""Untitled.png"" style=""float: right;"">\(f(x) = 2x^3 - x^2 - 18x -9\)<br>\(f(-1) =2(-1)^3 + (-1)^2 - 18(-1) -9 = 8\) Does not equal 0<br>\(f(1) = 2(1)^3 + (1)^2 - 18(1) - 9 = -24\) Does not equal 0<br>\(f(3) = 2(3)^3 + (3)^2 - 18(3) -9 = 0\) <br> <br>So \((x-3)\) is a factor of \(2x^3 +x^2 -18x -9\)<br><br>(See grid method)<br><br>\(2x^2 + 7x +3 (x-3)\)<br>(+) 7<br>(×) 6<br>6,1<br>\((2x+6)(2x+1)(x-3) -- >(x+3)(2x+1)(x-3)\)"
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\(4x^4 + 5x^2 - 7x / x\) \(4x^3 + 5x -7\)
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\(7x^5 - 5x^5 + 9x^3 +x^2 / x\) \(2x^4 + 9x^2 + x\)
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\(-x^4 +4x^2 +6 / x\) \(-x^3 + 4x + (6/x)\)
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\(7x^5-x^3-4/x\) \(7x^4-x^2-(4/x)\)
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\(8x^4-4x^3+6x / 2x\) \(4x^3-2x^2+3\)
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\({9x^2-12x^3-3x}/{3x}\) \(3x-4x^2-1\)
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\(7x^3-x^4-2/5x\) \((7x^2/5) - (x^3/5) - (2/5x)\)
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\(-4x^2 + 6x^4 - 2x / -2x\) \(2x-3x^3+1\)
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\(-x^8+9x^4-4x^3+6/-2x\) \((x^7/2)-(9x^3/2)+2x^2-(3/x)\)
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\(-9x^9-6x^6+4x^4-2/-3x\) \(3x^8+2x^5-(4x^3/3)+(2/3x)\)
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\((6x^3+3x^2-84x)/(6x^2-33x+42) = (ax(x+b))/(x+c)\)<br>Where a,b and c are constants<br>Work out the value of a,b and c \(a=1, b=4, c=-2\)
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What is the scientific process? 1. Ask a question about something (why/how)<br>2. Suggest an answer as a theory<br>3. Make a prediction or hypothosis<br>4. Carry out a test to prove or disprove your theory
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What are Newtons 3 Laws of Motion? 1. An object will remain at a constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force<br>2. The resultant force is equal to the rate of change of momentum \(F^{(N)}=m^{(kg)}×a^{(ms^{-2})}\)<br>3. If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B will exert an equal and opposite force of the same type on object A
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Define: Projectile Any object thrown into space upon which the only acting force is gravitational force
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Explain the Monkey and the Hunter analogy, draw a diagram A hunter holds a rifle at the same height as a monkey, the monkey drops off the branch to avoid the bullet at the moment the bullet is fired, however, as the monkey and the bullet still fall at the same rate, the monkey is hit.
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How do you solve a Projectile Motion question? You split the Vertical and Horizontal components of SUVAT (T is scalar)<br>Then you work the values out, some are known such as Ay = -9.81 and Ux=Vx as the projectile does not accelerate horizontally<br>Sx Sy = -height of fall<br>Ux = initial vel Uy = usually 0<br>Vx = initial vel Vy<br>Ax Ay = -9.81<br>T<br><br>Then you can use these to find Time as it is the same for both and you can find any missing values using SUVAT equations, as well as the angle of impact using trigonometry
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Draw a forces diagram of an object on a slope (inclined plane) "<img src=""paste-30fc179e7e6bc7a2b7551e4517df5549e9ca5f92.jpg"">"
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How can you work out the friction force from a force diagram? "<img src=""paste-d6cc8b2c50b84d6d126918ac719561ecc8e00b27.jpg""><br>- Alternate angles are equal<br>- Draw triange with one line perp to friction slope one from weight to this new line.<br>- Use trig to work out forces"
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State two ways in which forces in a pair differ - Opposite direction<br>- Act on different bodies
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State two ways in which forces in a pair are identical - Same magnitude<br>- Same type (push/pull)
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How can you calculate acceleration due to gravity in an experiment? "Measure the average time taken for a small, heavy ball (reduces affect of air resistance) to drop 5 (or more) different heights<br>Plot a graph of \(t^2\)(y axis) to \(height\)(x axis), then gravity is \(2/gradient\)<br><img src=""paste-48171281369ee5ab57fa07937b075f97da28e29a.jpg"">"
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"Work out the gradients of the lines joining these pairs of points:<br><img src=""paste-168ab8e0ca8ede0e86d74d8487d0c392e555154e.jpg"">" "<img src=""paste-8a580a71b786b8fdcb1932e008465ee2af465019.jpg"">"
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The line joining (3,-5) to (6,a) has a gradient 4, work out a 7
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The line joining (5,b) to (8,3) has a gradient -3, work out b 12
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The line joining (c,4) to (7,6) has a gradient 3/4, work out the value of c 4 and 1/3 (4.333)
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The line joing (-1,2d) to (1,4) has a gradient -1/4 work out the value of d 2.25
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The line joining (-3,-2) to (2e,5) has a gradient 2, work out the value of e 1/4
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