Optional antialiasing

.ignore

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/data/**.png
+/data/**/*.png
-/data/**.bin
+/data/**/*.bin
-/data/**.blend
+/data/**/*.blend
-/data/**.blend1
+/data/**/*.blend1
 /.git

build.zig

@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ const SHADERS: []const []const u8 = &.{
     "data/shaders/basic.vert",
     "data/shaders/basic.frag",
 };
+const SDL_LIBS: []const []const u8 = &.{
+    "SDL3",
+    "SDL3_image",
+};
 
 pub fn build(b: *Build) void {
     const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
@@ -56,16 +60,16 @@ fn stepBuildClient(
 ) *Build.Step.Compile {
     const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
         .name = "tabletop_client",
+        .root_module = b.createModule(.{
             .root_source_file = b.path("src/client.zig"),
             .target = target,
             .optimize = optimize,
+        }),
     });
 
     exe.root_module.addImport("sdl", sdl_module);
     exe.step.dependOn(sdl_step);
 
-    exe.addIncludePath(b.path("lib/clibs"));
-
     return exe;
 }
 
@@ -76,9 +80,11 @@ fn stepBuildServer(
 ) *Build.Step.Compile {
     const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
         .name = "tabletop_server",
+        .root_module = b.createModule(.{
             .root_source_file = b.path("src/server.zig"),
             .target = target,
             .optimize = optimize,
+        }),
     });
 
     return exe;
@@ -93,16 +99,16 @@ fn stepBuildOffline(
 ) *Build.Step.Compile {
     const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
         .name = "tabletop",
+        .root_module = b.createModule(.{
             .root_source_file = b.path("src/offline.zig"),
             .target = target,
             .optimize = optimize,
+        }),
     });
 
     exe.root_module.addImport("sdl", sdl_module);
     exe.step.dependOn(sdl_step);
 
-    exe.addIncludePath(b.path("lib/clibs"));
-
     return exe;
 }
 
@@ -112,11 +118,15 @@ fn stepBuildSdlTranslator(
 ) *Build.Step.Compile {
     const sdl_translator = b.addExecutable(.{
         .name = "sdl_header_translator",
+        .root_module = b.createModule(.{
             .root_source_file = b.path("utils/sdl_translator.zig"),
             .target = target,
             .optimize = .Debug,
+        }),
     });
-    sdl_translator.linkSystemLibrary("SDL3");
+    for (SDL_LIBS) |lib| {
+        sdl_translator.linkSystemLibrary(lib);
+    }
     return sdl_translator;
 }
 
@@ -138,20 +148,25 @@ fn stepSdlModule(
     target: Build.ResolvedTarget,
     optimize: std.builtin.OptimizeMode,
 ) struct { *Build.Module, *Build.Step } {
-    const sdl_module = b.addModule("sdl", .{
+    const translate_sdl_step, const sdl_rename = stepTranslateSdl(b, target);
-        .root_source_file = b.path("lib/sdl.zig"),
+
+    const translate_c = b.addTranslateC(.{
+        .root_source_file = b.path("lib/sdl.h"),
         .link_libc = true,
         .target = target,
         .optimize = optimize,
     });
-    sdl_module.linkSystemLibrary("SDL3", .{});
+    translate_c.addIncludePath(sdl_rename.dirname());
+    const translate_module = translate_c.createModule();
+    for (SDL_LIBS) |lib| {
+        translate_module.linkSystemLibrary(lib, .{ .needed = true });
+    }
 
-    const translate_step, const sdl_rename = stepTranslateSdl(b, target);
+    translate_c.step.dependOn(translate_sdl_step);
-    sdl_module.addIncludePath(sdl_rename.dirname());
 
     return .{
-        sdl_module,
+        translate_module,
-        translate_step,
+        &translate_c.step,
     };
 }
 

data/shaders/basic.vert

@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ layout(set = 1, binding = 1) uniform Object{
 
 void main() {
     gl_Position = vec4(inCoord, 1.0) * object.transform * camera.transform;
-    gl_ClipDistance[0] = gl_Position.z;
+    gl_ClipDistance[0] = gl_Position.w - gl_Position.z;
     outUV = inUV;
 }

lib/sdl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#include "SDL3/SDL.h"
+#include "SDL3_image/SDL_image.h"
+#include "sdl_rename.h"

lib/sdl.zig

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-pub usingnamespace @cImport({
-    @cInclude("SDL3/SDL.h");
-    @cInclude("sdl_rename.h");
-});

src/assets.zig

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ pub const LoadError = error{
     ParsingError,
     SdlError,
     FileTooBig,
+    UnsupportedAsset,
 } || std.mem.Allocator.Error || std.fs.File.OpenError || std.fs.File.ReadError || std.json.ParseError(std.json.Scanner);
 
 pub const AssetType = enum {
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ pub fn AssetContainer(comptime T: type) type {
                         self.last_state = self.asset_pointer.state;
                     }
                     if (self.last_state == .loaded) {
-                        self.data_pointer = @alignCast(@ptrCast(self.asset_pointer.data));
+                        self.data_pointer = @ptrCast(@alignCast(self.asset_pointer.data));
                         return self.data_pointer;
                     } else return null;
                 },
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ pub fn AssetContainer(comptime T: type) type {
                         self.last_state = self.asset_pointer.state;
                     }
                     if (self.last_state == .loaded) {
-                        self.data_pointer = @alignCast(@ptrCast(self.asset_pointer.data));
+                        self.data_pointer = @ptrCast(@alignCast(self.asset_pointer.data));
                     }
                     continue :sw self.last_state;
                 },
@@ -175,6 +176,7 @@ pub fn deinit() void {
         if (worker.thread == null) continue;
         worker.thread.?.join();
     }
+    updateFree();
     var iter = Assets.asset_map.valueIterator();
     while (iter.next()) |asset| {
         std.debug.assert(asset.*.counter == 0);
@@ -203,22 +205,28 @@ pub fn update() void {
         Assets.next_worker_update = 0;
     }
 
-    Assets.free_board_mutex.lock();
+    updateFree();
-    defer Assets.free_board_mutex.unlock();
+}
-    if (Assets.free_board.items.len == 0) return;
 
+fn updateFree() void {
     // TODO: Delegate freeing to worker threads?
     Assets.asset_map_mutex.lock();
     defer Assets.asset_map_mutex.unlock();
+
+    Assets.free_board_mutex.lock();
     while (Assets.free_board.pop()) |request| {
         if (@atomicLoad(usize, &request.counter, .monotonic) == 0) {
             if (!Assets.asset_map.remove(.{ .type = request.type, .path = request.path })) continue;
-            if (request.state == .loaded)
+            if (request.state == .loaded) {
+                Assets.free_board_mutex.unlock();
                 request.unload(Game.alloc);
+                Assets.free_board_mutex.lock();
+            }
             Game.alloc.free(request.path);
             Game.alloc.destroy(request);
         }
     }
+    Assets.free_board_mutex.unlock();
 }
 
 pub fn load(comptime asset_type: AssetType, path: []const u8) AssetContainer(asset_type.getType()) {
@@ -298,8 +306,8 @@ fn makeLoader(comptime T: type, comptime func: *const fn ([]const u8, std.mem.Al
 fn makeUnloader(comptime T: type, comptime func: *const fn (T, std.mem.Allocator) void) *const fn (*AssetCell, std.mem.Allocator) void {
     const Container = struct {
         pub fn unloader(cell: *AssetCell, alloc: std.mem.Allocator) void {
-            func(@as(*T, @alignCast(@ptrCast(cell.data))).*, alloc);
+            func(@as(*T, @ptrCast(@alignCast(cell.data))).*, alloc);
-            alloc.destroy(@as(*T, @alignCast(@ptrCast(cell.data))));
+            alloc.destroy(@as(*T, @ptrCast(@alignCast(cell.data))));
         }
     };
     return Container.unloader;

src/assets/texture.zig

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const sdl = @import("sdl");
 const err = @import("../error.zig");
-const c = @import("../c.zig");
 const Assets = @import("../assets.zig");
 const Graphics = @import("../graphics.zig");
 
@@ -14,20 +13,15 @@ pub fn load(path: []const u8, alloc: std.mem.Allocator) Assets.LoadError!@This()
     defer Assets.free(file);
     const data = (file.getSync() catch return error.DependencyError).bytes;
 
-    var width: u32 = undefined;
+    const image: *sdl.Surface = @ptrCast(sdl.IMG_Load_IO(sdl.IOFromConstMem(data.ptr, data.len), true) orelse return error.ParsingError);
-    var height: u32 = undefined;
+    defer sdl.DestroySurface(image);
-    var channels: u32 = undefined;
+    const format = image.format;
-    const image = c.stbi_load_from_memory(
+
-        @ptrCast(data),
+    const width: u32 = @intCast(image.w);
-        @intCast(data.len),
+    const height: u32 = @intCast(image.h);
-        @ptrCast(&width),
+    const channels: u32 = 4;
-        @ptrCast(&height),
+
-        @ptrCast(&channels),
+    const image_slice = @as([*]u8, @ptrCast(image.pixels))[0..@intCast(width * height * channels)];
-        4,
-    );
-    if (image == null) return error.ParsingError;
-    defer c.stbi_image_free(image);
-    const image_slice = image[0..@intCast(width * height * channels)];
 
     if (width > 8192 or height > 8192) return error.FileTooBig;
 
@@ -35,13 +29,14 @@ pub fn load(path: []const u8, alloc: std.mem.Allocator) Assets.LoadError!@This()
     const bytes_per_pixel = 4;
     const mip_level = if (std.math.isPowerOfTwo(width) and width == height) @as(u32, Graphics.MIP_LEVEL) else @as(u32, 1);
 
-    const texture = Graphics.createTexture(
+    const texture = sdl.CreateGPUTexture(Graphics.device, &.{
-        width,
+        .width = width,
-        height,
+        .height = height,
-        target_format,
+        .layer_count_or_depth = 1,
-        sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER | sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET,
+        .format = target_format,
-        mip_level,
+        .usage = sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER | sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET,
-    );
+        .num_levels = mip_level,
+    }) orelse err.sdl();
     errdefer Graphics.freeTexture(texture);
 
     const transfer_buffer_capacity = Graphics.TRANSFER_BUFFER_DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
@@ -63,6 +58,43 @@ pub fn load(path: []const u8, alloc: std.mem.Allocator) Assets.LoadError!@This()
             defer sdl.EndGPUCopyPass(copy_pass);
 
             const map: [*]u8 = @ptrCast(sdl.MapGPUTransferBuffer(Graphics.device, transfer_buffer, false) orelse err.sdl());
+            var pixel: u32 = rows_uploaded * width * bytes_per_pixel;
+            var mapped: u32 = 0;
+            while (pixel < (rows_uploaded + rows_to_upload) * width * bytes_per_pixel) {
+                defer pixel += bytes_per_pixel;
+                defer mapped += bytes_per_pixel;
+                switch (format) {
+                    // Convert to RGBA8888
+                    sdl.PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888 => {
+                        map[mapped + 0] = image_slice[pixel + 3];
+                        map[mapped + 1] = image_slice[pixel + 2];
+                        map[mapped + 2] = image_slice[pixel + 1];
+                        map[mapped + 3] = image_slice[pixel + 0];
+                    },
+                    sdl.PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888 => {
+                        map[mapped + 0] = image_slice[pixel + 1];
+                        map[mapped + 1] = image_slice[pixel + 2];
+                        map[mapped + 2] = image_slice[pixel + 3];
+                        map[mapped + 3] = image_slice[pixel + 0];
+                    },
+                    sdl.PIXELFORMAT_RGBA8888 => {
+                        map[mapped + 0] = image_slice[pixel + 0];
+                        map[mapped + 1] = image_slice[pixel + 1];
+                        map[mapped + 2] = image_slice[pixel + 2];
+                        map[mapped + 3] = image_slice[pixel + 3];
+                    },
+                    sdl.PIXELFORMAT_BGRA8888 => {
+                        map[mapped + 0] = image_slice[pixel + 2];
+                        map[mapped + 1] = image_slice[pixel + 1];
+                        map[mapped + 2] = image_slice[pixel + 0];
+                        map[mapped + 3] = image_slice[pixel + 3];
+                    },
+                    else => {
+                        sdl.UnmapGPUTransferBuffer(Graphics.device, transfer_buffer);
+                        return error.UnsupportedAsset;
+                    },
+                }
+            }
             @memcpy(map, image_slice[(rows_uploaded * width * bytes_per_pixel)..((rows_uploaded + rows_to_upload) * width * bytes_per_pixel)]);
             sdl.UnmapGPUTransferBuffer(Graphics.device, transfer_buffer);
 

src/c.zig

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-pub usingnamespace @cImport({
-    @cDefine("STBI_NO_GIF", "1");
-    @cDefine("STBI_NO_JPEG", "1");
-    @cDefine("STBI_NO_HDR", "1");
-    @cDefine("STBI_NO_TGA", "1");
-    @cDefine("STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION", "1");
-    @cInclude("stb_image.h");
-});

src/error.zig

@@ -14,7 +14,3 @@ const FileError = std.mem.Allocator.Error || std.fs.File.OpenError || std.fs.Fil
 pub fn file(err: FileError, path: []const u8) noreturn {
     std.debug.panic("Error while reading \"{s}\": {any}", .{ path, err });
 }
-
-pub fn stbi() noreturn {
-    std.debug.panic("STBI error!\n", .{});
-}

src/game.zig

@@ -116,6 +116,18 @@ fn processEvents() void {
                 sdl.EVENT_MOUSE_WHEEL => {
                     Game.mouse.wheel += event.wheel.integer_y;
                 },
+                sdl.EVENT_WINDOW_RESIZED => {
+                    if (event.window.data1 < 1 or event.window.data2 < 1) continue;
+
+                    Graphics.window_width = @intCast(event.window.data1);
+                    Graphics.window_height = @intCast(event.window.data2);
+                },
+                sdl.EVENT_WINDOW_PIXEL_SIZE_CHANGED => {
+                    if (event.window.data1 < 1 or event.window.data2 < 1) continue;
+
+                    Graphics.pixel_width = @intCast(event.window.data1);
+                    Graphics.pixel_height = @intCast(event.window.data2);
+                },
                 else => {},
             }
         }

src/graphics.zig

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const sdl = @import("sdl");
 const err = @import("error.zig");
 const presets = @import("graphics/presets.zig");
+const Game = @import("game.zig");
 const Assets = @import("assets.zig");
 
 pub const Transform = @import("graphics/transform.zig");
@@ -13,18 +14,22 @@ pub var device: *sdl.GPUDevice = undefined;
 var command_buffer: ?*sdl.GPUCommandBuffer = null;
 var render_pass: ?*sdl.GPURenderPass = null;
 var render_target: ?*sdl.GPUTexture = null;
+var batches: Batches = undefined;
 
 var shader_vert: *sdl.GPUShader = undefined;
 var shader_frag: *sdl.GPUShader = undefined;
 
 var depth_texture: *sdl.GPUTexture = undefined;
-var fsaa_target: *sdl.GPUTexture = undefined;
+var antialias: Antialias = undefined;
+var aa_target: *sdl.GPUTexture = undefined;
 var pipeline: *sdl.GPUGraphicsPipeline = undefined;
 
 pub var window_width: u32 = undefined;
 pub var window_height: u32 = undefined;
-var fsaa_scale: u32 = 4;
+pub var pixel_width: u32 = undefined;
-var fsaa_level: u32 = 3;
+pub var pixel_height: u32 = undefined;
+var render_width: u32 = undefined;
+var render_height: u32 = undefined;
 
 pub var camera: Camera = undefined;
 
@@ -33,6 +38,53 @@ const DEPTH_FORMAT = sdl.GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_D32_FLOAT;
 pub const TRANSFER_BUFFER_DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 512 * 1024;
 pub const MIP_LEVEL = 4;
 
+const Antialias = union(enum) {
+    none,
+    msaa: enum(sdl.GPUSampleCount) {
+        @"2" = sdl.GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_2,
+        @"4" = sdl.GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_4,
+        @"8" = sdl.GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_8,
+    },
+    fsaa: enum {
+        @"2",
+        @"4",
+        @"8",
+    },
+
+    pub fn getMsaaSamples(self: @This()) sdl.GPUSampleCount {
+        if (self != .msaa) return sdl.GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_1;
+        return @intFromEnum(self.msaa);
+    }
+    pub fn getFsaaScale(self: @This()) u8 {
+        if (self != .fsaa) return 1;
+        return switch (self.fsaa) {
+            .@"2" => 2,
+            .@"4" => 4,
+            .@"8" => 8,
+        };
+    }
+    pub fn getFsaaLevel(self: @This()) u8 {
+        if (self != .fsaa) return 1;
+        return switch (self.fsaa) {
+            .@"2" => 2,
+            .@"4" => 3,
+            .@"8" => 4,
+        };
+    }
+};
+
+const Batch = struct {
+    object: *Assets.Object,
+    transform: Transform,
+    z: f32,
+
+    fn orderLessThan(ctx: void, lhs: Batch, rhs: Batch) bool {
+        _ = ctx;
+        return lhs.z > rhs.z;
+    }
+};
+const Batches = std.ArrayListUnmanaged(Batch);
+
 const Graphics = @This();
 pub fn create() void {
     // Init
@@ -45,8 +97,19 @@ pub fn create() void {
         "",
         1600,
         900,
-        sdl.WINDOW_VULKAN | sdl.WINDOW_RESIZABLE,
+        sdl.WINDOW_VULKAN | sdl.WINDOW_RESIZABLE | sdl.WINDOW_HIGH_PIXEL_DENSITY,
     ) orelse err.sdl();
+    if (!sdl.GetWindowSizeInPixels(Graphics.window, @ptrCast(&Graphics.window_width), @ptrCast(&Graphics.window_height))) {
+        Graphics.window_width = 1600;
+        Graphics.window_height = 900;
+    }
+    const scale = sdl.GetWindowDisplayScale(Graphics.window);
+    Graphics.pixel_width = @intFromFloat(@round(scale * @as(f32, @floatFromInt(Graphics.window_width))));
+    Graphics.pixel_height = @intFromFloat(@round(scale * @as(f32, @floatFromInt(Graphics.window_height))));
+    Graphics.render_width = pixel_width;
+    Graphics.render_height = pixel_height;
+
+    Graphics.antialias = .none;
 
     // Device
     Graphics.device = sdl.CreateGPUDevice(
@@ -81,23 +144,24 @@ pub fn create() void {
     const target_format = sdl.GetGPUSwapchainTextureFormat(Graphics.device, Graphics.window);
     if (target_format == sdl.GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_INVALID) err.sdl();
 
-    // TODO: Clean
+    Graphics.depth_texture = sdl.CreateGPUTexture(device, &.{
-    if (!sdl.GetWindowSizeInPixels(Graphics.window, @ptrCast(&Graphics.window_width), @ptrCast(&Graphics.window_height))) err.sdl();
+        .width = Graphics.render_width * Graphics.antialias.getFsaaScale(),
-
+        .height = Graphics.render_height * Graphics.antialias.getFsaaScale(),
-    Graphics.depth_texture = createTexture(
+        .layer_count_or_depth = 1,
-        @as(u32, @intCast(Graphics.window_width)) * Graphics.fsaa_scale,
+        .format = DEPTH_FORMAT,
-        @as(u32, @intCast(Graphics.window_height)) * Graphics.fsaa_scale,
+        .usage = sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_TARGET,
-        DEPTH_FORMAT,
+        .num_levels = 1,
-        sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_TARGET,
+        .sample_count = Graphics.antialias.getMsaaSamples(),
-        1,
+    }) orelse err.sdl();
-    );
+    Graphics.aa_target = sdl.CreateGPUTexture(device, &.{
-    Graphics.fsaa_target = createTexture(
+        .width = Graphics.render_width * Graphics.antialias.getFsaaScale(),
-        @as(u32, @intCast(Graphics.window_width)) * Graphics.fsaa_scale,
+        .height = Graphics.render_height * Graphics.antialias.getFsaaScale(),
-        @as(u32, @intCast(Graphics.window_height)) * Graphics.fsaa_scale,
+        .layer_count_or_depth = 1,
-        target_format,
+        .format = target_format,
-        sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET | sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER,
+        .usage = if (Graphics.antialias == .fsaa) sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET | sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER else sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET,
-        fsaa_level,
+        .num_levels = Graphics.antialias.getFsaaLevel(),
-    );
+        .sample_count = Graphics.antialias.getMsaaSamples(),
+    }) orelse err.sdl();
 
     Graphics.pipeline = sdl.CreateGPUGraphicsPipeline(Graphics.device, &.{
         .vertex_shader = Graphics.shader_vert,
@@ -125,6 +189,9 @@ pub fn create() void {
             },
             .num_vertex_attributes = 2,
         },
+        .multisample_state = .{
+            .sample_count = Graphics.antialias.getMsaaSamples(),
+        },
         .primitive_type = sdl.GPU_PRIMITIVETYPE_TRIANGLELIST,
         .rasterizer_state = presets.RASTERIZER_CULL,
         .depth_stencil_state = presets.DEPTH_ENABLED,
@@ -139,10 +206,11 @@ pub fn create() void {
         },
     }) orelse err.sdl();
 
+    Graphics.batches = Batches.empty;
+
     Graphics.camera = Camera{
         .transform = .{},
         .near = 1.0 / 16.0,
-        .far = 128.0,
         .lens = 1.5,
         .aspect = 16.0 / 9.0,
         .matrix = undefined,
@@ -154,7 +222,7 @@ pub fn destroy() void {
     sdl.DestroyWindow(Graphics.window);
 
     sdl.ReleaseGPUGraphicsPipeline(Graphics.device, Graphics.pipeline);
-    sdl.ReleaseGPUTexture(Graphics.device, Graphics.fsaa_target);
+    sdl.ReleaseGPUTexture(Graphics.device, Graphics.aa_target);
     sdl.ReleaseGPUTexture(Graphics.device, Graphics.depth_texture);
 
     sdl.ReleaseGPUShader(Graphics.device, Graphics.shader_vert);
@@ -165,6 +233,7 @@ pub fn destroy() void {
         Graphics.command_buffer = null;
     }
     sdl.DestroyGPUDevice(Graphics.device);
+    Graphics.batches.clearAndFree(Game.alloc);
 }
 
 /// If window is minimized returns `false`, `render_pass` remains null
@@ -178,22 +247,23 @@ pub fn beginDraw() bool {
     // Window is probably hidden
     if (Graphics.render_target == null or width == 0 or height == 0) return false;
 
-    if (width != Graphics.window_width or height != Graphics.window_height) {
+    if (Graphics.render_width != Graphics.pixel_width or Graphics.render_height != Graphics.pixel_height) {
-        Graphics.resetTextures(width, height);
+        Graphics.render_width = Graphics.pixel_width;
-        Graphics.camera.aspect = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(width)) / @as(f32, @floatFromInt(height));
+        Graphics.render_height = Graphics.pixel_height;
-        Graphics.window_width = width;
+        Graphics.resetTextures(Graphics.render_width, Graphics.render_height);
-        Graphics.window_height = height;
+        Graphics.camera.aspect = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(Graphics.render_width)) / @as(f32, @floatFromInt(Graphics.render_height));
     }
 
     Graphics.render_pass = sdl.BeginGPURenderPass(Graphics.command_buffer.?, &.{
         .clear_color = .{ .r = 0.0, .g = 0.0, .b = 0.0, .a = 1.0 },
         .cycle = false,
-        .load_op = sdl.GPU_LOADOP_CLEAR,
+        .load_op = sdl.GPU_LOADOP_DONT_CARE,
-        .store_op = sdl.GPU_STOREOP_STORE,
+        .store_op = if (Graphics.antialias == .msaa) sdl.GPU_STOREOP_RESOLVE else sdl.GPU_STOREOP_STORE,
         .mip_level = 0,
-        .texture = Graphics.fsaa_target,
+        .texture = if (Graphics.antialias == .fsaa or Graphics.antialias == .msaa) Graphics.aa_target else Graphics.render_target,
+        .resolve_texture = if (Graphics.antialias == .msaa) Graphics.render_target else null,
     }, 1, &.{
-        .clear_depth = 1.0,
+        .clear_depth = 0.0,
         .load_op = sdl.GPU_LOADOP_CLEAR,
         .store_op = sdl.GPU_STOREOP_DONT_CARE,
         .stencil_load_op = sdl.GPU_STOREOP_DONT_CARE,
@@ -208,34 +278,13 @@ pub fn beginDraw() bool {
     return true;
 }
 
-pub fn clearDepth() void {
+fn finishPass() void {
-    sdl.EndGPURenderPass(Graphics.render_pass.?);
+    std.sort.block(Batch, Graphics.batches.items, {}, Batch.orderLessThan);
 
-    Graphics.render_pass = sdl.BeginGPURenderPass(Graphics.command_buffer.?, &.{
+    for (Graphics.batches.items) |*batch| {
-        .clear_color = .{ .r = 0.0, .g = 0.0, .b = 0.0, .a = 1.0 },
+        const asset_object = batch.object.get() orelse continue;
-        .cycle = false,
-        .load_op = sdl.GPU_LOADOP_LOAD,
-        .store_op = sdl.GPU_STOREOP_STORE,
-        .mip_level = 0,
-        .texture = Graphics.fsaa_target,
-    }, 1, &.{
-        .clear_depth = 1.0,
-        .load_op = sdl.GPU_LOADOP_CLEAR,
-        .store_op = sdl.GPU_STOREOP_DONT_CARE,
-        .stencil_load_op = sdl.GPU_STOREOP_DONT_CARE,
-        .stencil_store_op = sdl.GPU_STOREOP_DONT_CARE,
-        .texture = Graphics.depth_texture,
-    }) orelse err.sdl();
 
-    sdl.BindGPUGraphicsPipeline(Graphics.render_pass, Graphics.pipeline);
+        sdl.PushGPUVertexUniformData(Graphics.command_buffer, 1, &batch.transform.matrix(), 16 * 4);
-    sdl.PushGPUVertexUniformData(Graphics.command_buffer, 0, &Graphics.camera.matrix, 16 * 4);
-}
-
-pub fn drawObject(object: *Assets.Object, transform: Transform) void {
-    if (Graphics.render_pass == null) return;
-    const asset_object = object.get() orelse return;
-
-    sdl.PushGPUVertexUniformData(Graphics.command_buffer, 1, &transform.matrix(), 16 * 4);
         for (asset_object.nodes) |node| {
             const mesh = &asset_object.meshes[node.mesh];
 
@@ -251,25 +300,76 @@ pub fn drawObject(object: *Assets.Object, transform: Transform) void {
             }
         }
     }
+    Graphics.batches.clearRetainingCapacity();
+
+    sdl.EndGPURenderPass(Graphics.render_pass.?);
+}
+
+pub fn clearDepth() void {
+    Graphics.finishPass();
+
+    Graphics.render_pass = sdl.BeginGPURenderPass(Graphics.command_buffer.?, &.{
+        .clear_color = .{ .r = 0.0, .g = 0.0, .b = 0.0, .a = 1.0 },
+        .cycle = false,
+        .load_op = sdl.GPU_LOADOP_LOAD,
+        .store_op = if (Graphics.antialias == .msaa) sdl.GPU_STOREOP_RESOLVE else sdl.GPU_STOREOP_STORE,
+        .mip_level = 0,
+        .texture = if (Graphics.antialias == .fsaa or Graphics.antialias == .msaa) Graphics.aa_target else Graphics.render_target,
+        .resolve_texture = if (Graphics.antialias == .msaa) Graphics.render_target else null,
+    }, 1, &.{
+        .clear_depth = 0.0,
+        .load_op = sdl.GPU_LOADOP_CLEAR,
+        .store_op = sdl.GPU_STOREOP_DONT_CARE,
+        .stencil_load_op = sdl.GPU_STOREOP_DONT_CARE,
+        .stencil_store_op = sdl.GPU_STOREOP_DONT_CARE,
+        .texture = Graphics.depth_texture,
+    }) orelse err.sdl();
+
+    sdl.BindGPUGraphicsPipeline(Graphics.render_pass, Graphics.pipeline);
+    sdl.PushGPUVertexUniformData(Graphics.command_buffer, 0, &Graphics.camera.matrix, 16 * 4);
+}
+
+// `object`: pointer MUST be vaild until current render pass ends
+pub fn drawObject(object: *Assets.Object, transform: Transform) void {
+    if (Graphics.render_pass == null) return;
+
+    @setFloatMode(.optimized);
+    const z = Graphics.camera.matrix[8] * transform.position[0] +
+        Graphics.camera.matrix[9] * transform.position[1] +
+        Graphics.camera.matrix[10] * transform.position[2] +
+        Graphics.camera.matrix[11];
+    var w = Graphics.camera.matrix[12] * transform.position[0] +
+        Graphics.camera.matrix[13] * transform.position[1] +
+        Graphics.camera.matrix[14] * transform.position[2] +
+        Graphics.camera.matrix[15];
+    if (w == 0) w = 1;
+
+    Graphics.batches.append(Game.alloc, .{
+        .object = object,
+        .transform = transform,
+        .z = z / w,
+    }) catch err.oom();
+}
 
 pub fn endDraw() void {
     defer Graphics.command_buffer = null;
     defer Graphics.render_pass = null;
-    if (Graphics.render_pass) |pass| {
-        sdl.EndGPURenderPass(pass);
 
-        if (Graphics.fsaa_level > 1) sdl.GenerateMipmapsForGPUTexture(Graphics.command_buffer, Graphics.fsaa_target);
+    Graphics.finishPass();
+
+    if (Graphics.antialias == .fsaa) {
+        sdl.GenerateMipmapsForGPUTexture(Graphics.command_buffer, Graphics.aa_target);
         sdl.BlitGPUTexture(Graphics.command_buffer, &.{
             .source = .{
-                .texture = Graphics.fsaa_target,
+                .texture = Graphics.aa_target,
-                .w = Graphics.window_width,
+                .w = Graphics.render_width,
-                .h = Graphics.window_height,
+                .h = Graphics.render_height,
-                .mip_level = fsaa_level - 1,
+                .mip_level = Graphics.antialias.getFsaaLevel() - 1,
             },
             .destination = .{
                 .texture = Graphics.render_target,
-                .w = Graphics.window_width,
+                .w = Graphics.render_width,
-                .h = Graphics.window_height,
+                .h = Graphics.render_height,
             },
             .load_op = sdl.GPU_LOADOP_DONT_CARE,
             .filter = sdl.GPU_FILTER_NEAREST,
@@ -282,7 +382,7 @@ fn loadShader(path: []const u8, info: sdl.GPUShaderCreateInfo) *sdl.GPUShader {
     const file = std.fs.cwd().openFile(path, .{}) catch |e| err.file(e, path);
     defer file.close();
 
-    const code = file.readToEndAllocOptions(std.heap.c_allocator, std.math.maxInt(usize), null, 1, 0) catch |e| err.file(e, path);
+    const code = file.readToEndAllocOptions(std.heap.c_allocator, std.math.maxInt(usize), null, .@"1", 0) catch |e| err.file(e, path);
     defer std.heap.c_allocator.free(code);
 
     var updated_info = info;
@@ -291,18 +391,6 @@ fn loadShader(path: []const u8, info: sdl.GPUShaderCreateInfo) *sdl.GPUShader {
     return sdl.CreateGPUShader(device, &updated_info) orelse err.sdl();
 }
 
-pub fn createTexture(width: u32, height: u32, format: c_uint, usage: c_uint, mip_level: u32) *sdl.GPUTexture {
-    return sdl.CreateGPUTexture(device, &.{
-        .format = format,
-        .layer_count_or_depth = 1,
-        .width = width,
-        .height = height,
-        .num_levels = mip_level,
-        .sample_count = sdl.GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_1,
-        .usage = usage,
-    }) orelse err.sdl();
-}
-
 pub fn freeTexture(texture: *sdl.GPUTexture) void {
     sdl.ReleaseGPUTexture(Graphics.device, texture);
 }
@@ -327,24 +415,32 @@ pub fn freeSampler(sampler: *sdl.GPUSampler) void {
 
 fn resetTextures(width: u32, height: u32) void {
     sdl.ReleaseGPUTexture(Graphics.device, Graphics.depth_texture);
-    Graphics.depth_texture = createTexture(
+    Graphics.depth_texture = sdl.CreateGPUTexture(device, &.{
-        width * Graphics.fsaa_scale,
+        .width = width * Graphics.antialias.getFsaaScale(),
-        height * Graphics.fsaa_scale,
+        .height = height * Graphics.antialias.getFsaaScale(),
-        DEPTH_FORMAT,
+        .layer_count_or_depth = 1,
-        sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_TARGET,
+        .format = DEPTH_FORMAT,
-        1,
+        .usage = sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_TARGET,
-    );
+        .num_levels = 1,
+        .sample_count = Graphics.antialias.getMsaaSamples(),
+    }) orelse err.sdl();
 
     const target_format = sdl.GetGPUSwapchainTextureFormat(Graphics.device, Graphics.window);
 
-    sdl.ReleaseGPUTexture(Graphics.device, Graphics.fsaa_target);
+    sdl.ReleaseGPUTexture(Graphics.device, Graphics.aa_target);
-    Graphics.fsaa_target = createTexture(
+    Graphics.aa_target = sdl.CreateGPUTexture(device, &.{
-        width * Graphics.fsaa_scale,
+        .width = width * Graphics.antialias.getFsaaScale(),
-        height * Graphics.fsaa_scale,
+        .height = height * Graphics.antialias.getFsaaScale(),
-        target_format,
+        .layer_count_or_depth = 1,
-        sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET | sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER,
+        .format = target_format,
-        fsaa_level,
+        .usage = switch (Graphics.antialias) {
-    );
+            .none => sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET,
+            .fsaa => sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET | sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER,
+            .msaa => sdl.GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET,
+        },
+        .num_levels = Graphics.antialias.getFsaaLevel(),
+        .sample_count = Graphics.antialias.getMsaaSamples(),
+    }) orelse err.sdl();
 }
 
 pub fn windowId() sdl.WindowID {

src/graphics/camera.zig

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ transform: Transform,
 /// tangent of the half of the view angle (90 degress = 1 "lens")
 lens: f32,
 near: f32,
-far: f32,
 /// width = height * aspect
 aspect: f32,
 
@@ -19,13 +18,10 @@ pub fn computeMatrix(camera: *Camera) void {
 
     const xx = 1.0 / (camera.lens * camera.aspect);
     const yy = 1.0 / camera.lens;
-    const fnmod = 1.0 / (camera.far - camera.near);
-    const zz = camera.far * fnmod;
-    const wz = -camera.near * camera.far * fnmod;
     const projection = @Vector(16, f32){
         xx, 0,  0,  0,
         0,  yy, 0,  0,
-        0,  0,  -zz, wz,
+        0,  0,  0,  camera.near,
         0,  0,  -1, 0,
     };
     camera.matrix = Transform.multiplyMatrix(projection, camera.transform.inverseMatrix());

src/graphics/presets.zig

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub const BLEND_NORMAL = sdl.GPUColorTargetBlendState{
 };
 
 pub const DEPTH_ENABLED = sdl.GPUDepthStencilState{
-    .compare_op = sdl.GPU_COMPAREOP_LESS,
+    .compare_op = sdl.GPU_COMPAREOP_GREATER,
     .enable_depth_test = true,
     .enable_depth_write = true,
 };

src/world.zig

@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ pub fn draw() void {
     );
 
     Graphics.drawObject(&World.cubemap, .{
-        .scale = Graphics.camera.far,
+        .scale = 1e20,
         .position = Graphics.camera.transform.position,
     });
     Graphics.clearDepth();

utils/sdl_translator.zig

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const sdl = @cImport({
     @cInclude("SDL3/SDL.h");
+    @cInclude("SDL3_image/SDL_image.h");
 });
 
 const PREFIX = "SDL_";
@@ -23,12 +24,8 @@ pub fn main() !void {
         try std.fs.cwd().createFile(output, .{});
     defer file.close();
 
-    const writer = file.writer();
+    var writer_buffer: [4096]u8 = undefined;
-
+    var writer = file.writer(&writer_buffer);
-    const stdout = std.io.getStdOut();
-    defer stdout.close();
-
-    const out = stdout.writer();
 
     var renamed_count: usize = 0;
     for (@typeInfo(sdl).@"struct".decls) |decl| {
@@ -36,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
 
         const new_name: []const u8 = decl.name[PREFIX.len..];
 
-        try writer.print(
+        try writer.interface.print(
             \\#define {1s} {0s}
             \\
         , .{ decl.name, new_name });
@@ -45,5 +42,4 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     if (renamed_count == 0) {
         @panic("No SDL definitions renamed");
     }
-    try out.print("[SDL Translator] {} SDL definitions renamed\n", .{renamed_count});
 }